Summary Table
Column
| Variable | N | Mean | SD | Median | Min | Max | Skew | Kurtosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Security | 316938 | 0.49 | 0.29 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 1.00 | -0.02 | -0.80 |
| Education | 316938 | 0.49 | 0.28 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.05 | -0.84 |
| Age | 316938 | 0.28 | 0.18 | 0.25 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.57 | -0.50 |
| Employment (0/1) | 316938 | 0.52 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | -0.08 | -1.99 |
| Sex (Male/Female) | 316938 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | -0.02 | -2.00 |
| Regime Support (No Bias) | 316938 | 0.48 | 0.26 | 0.49 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.04 | -0.69 |
| Regime Support (Low Bias) | 316938 | 0.47 | 0.26 | 0.48 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.02 | -0.67 |
| Regime Support (High Bias) | 316938 | 0.47 | 0.25 | 0.47 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.05 | -0.62 |
| DCI | 119 | 0.71 | 0.24 | 0.78 | 0.00 | 1.00 | -1.11 | 0.66 |
| Reasoned Justification | 119 | 0.55 | 0.21 | 0.56 | 0.00 | 1.00 | -0.18 | -0.38 |
| Common Good | 119 | 0.60 | 0.21 | 0.63 | 0.00 | 1.00 | -0.56 | -0.01 |
| Counter-Arguments | 119 | 0.59 | 0.22 | 0.62 | 0.00 | 1.00 | -0.53 | -0.23 |
| Range of Consultation | 119 | 0.49 | 0.19 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 1.00 | -0.22 | 0.00 |
| Engaged Society | 119 | 0.55 | 0.21 | 0.59 | 0.00 | 1.00 | -0.53 | 0.12 |
| Polity/FH | 119 | 0.68 | 0.30 | 0.78 | 0.00 | 1.00 | -0.73 | -0.74 |
| Life Expectancy | 119 | 0.65 | 0.26 | 0.74 | 0.00 | 1.00 | -0.72 | -0.61 |
| logged Population | 119 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 6.61 | 45.46 |
| logged GDP per Capita | 119 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 2.22 | 7.30 |
| Corruption | 119 | 0.65 | 0.27 | 0.74 | 0.00 | 1.00 | -0.83 | -0.41 |
| Urban Population Ratio | 119 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 10.54 | 110.75 |
| Democracy (0/1) | 119 | 0.54 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | -0.15 | -1.99 |
| Anocracy (0/1) | 119 | 0.39 | 0.49 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.42 | -1.84 |
| Autocracy (0/1) | 119 | 0.07 | 0.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 3.41 | 9.73 |
Heatmap of all used Variables
Column
Operationalization Regime Support
Column
| Survey and Questions | Support Object | Answers | Item Code |
|---|---|---|---|
| Afrobarometer Round 5/6 | |||
| How much do you trust each of the following, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say: |
... the President/Prime Minister ... Parliament ... the Police ... courts of law |
not at all (0) just a little (1) somewhat (2) a lot (3) |
Q59A/Q52A Q59B/Q52B Q59H/Q52H Q59J/Q52J |
| AmericasBarometer | |||
| To what extent do you trust… | ... the President/Prime Minister? ... the National Congress? ... the National Police? ... the justice system? |
not at all (1) - a lot (7) |
B21A B13 B18 B10A |
| Asian Barometer Wave 3/4 | |||
| I’m going to name a number of institutions. For each one, please tell me how much trust do you have in them? |
... the National Government ... Parliament ... the Police ... the courts |
a great deal (1) quite a lot (2) not very much (3) none at all (4) |
q9 q11 q14 q8 |
| Using this card, please tell me on a score of 0-10 how much you, personally trust each of the institutions I read out. 0 means you do not trust, an institution at all, and 10 means you have complete trust. Firstly... |
... politicians? ... [country]'s parliament? ... the police? ... the legal system? |
No trust at all (0) - Complete trust (10) |
trstplt trstprl trstplc trstlgl |
| Latinobarómetro 2013/2015 | |||
| Please look at this card and tell me how much trust you have in each of the following groups/institutions. |
... the National Government ... National Congress/Parliament ... Police ... Judiciary |
a lot (1) some (2) a little(3) none (4) |
P26STGBS.B/P16ST.G P26STGBS.C/P16ST.F Q28STGBS.B/P16TGB.B P26STGBS.E/P16ST.H |
| World Values Survey Wave 6 | |||
| I'm going to name a number of organizations. For each one, could you tell me how much confidence you have in them: |
... the Government [in capital] ... Parliament ... the Police ... the Courts |
a great deal (1) quite a lot (2) not very much (3) none at all (4) |
V115 |
Control Variables
Column
| Variables | Origin | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Individual-Level Controls | ||
| Financial Security | Multiple Data Sources | Household Income/ Sufficient resources to support household |
| Education | Multiple Data Sources | Years of schooling/ education levels |
| Employment (0/1) | Multiple Data Sources | Dummy variable coded: 1 = Employed, 0 = Unemployed |
| Age | Multiple Data Sources | - |
| Sex (Male/Female) | Multiple Data Sources | Dummy variable coded: 1 = Female, 0 = Male |
| Regime Support | Multiple Data Sources | Index created with Principal Component Analysis |
| Country-Level Controls | ||
| Polity/FH | V-Dem | Imputed variable from Polity IV & Freedom House |
| Democracy (0/1)* |
V-Dem | Dummy variable coded: 1 = Democracy, 0 = Non-Democracy |
| Autocracy (0/1)* |
V-Dem | Dummy variable coded: 1 = Autocracy, 0 = Non-Autocracy |
| Life Expectancy | V-Dem/QoG | Average total life expectancy |
| logged Population | V-Dem/QoG | Population size |
| logged GDP per Capita | QoG | Real GDP per capita in constant dollars of the year 2000 (logged) |
| Urban Population Ratio | V-Dem/QoG | Percentage of Urban Population |
| Dataset Dummies Controls** |
||
| Afrobarometer (0/1) |
Afrobarometer | Dummy variable coded: 1 = Afrobarometer data, 0 = Other Datasets |
| Latinobarometro (0/1) | Latinobarometro | Dummy variable coded: 1 = Latinobarometro data, 0 = Other Datasets |
| Americasbarometer (0/1) | Americasbarometer | Dummy variable coded: 1 = Americasbarometer data, 0 = Other Datasets |
| Asianbarometer (0/1) |
Asianbarometer | Dummy variable coded: 1 = Asianbarometer data, 0 = Other Datasets |
| European Social Survey (0/1) |
European Social Survey | Dummy variable coded: 1 = European Social Survey data, 0 = Other Datasets |
*Reference Category: Anocracies
** Reference Category: World Value SurveyCountry List
Column
| Country | ISO Code | Nr. |
|---|---|---|
| Albania | ALB | 1 |
| Algeria | DZA | 2 |
| Argentina | ARG | 3 |
| Armenia | ARM | 4 |
| Australia | AUS | 5 |
| Azerbaijan | AZE | 6 |
| Belarus | BLR | 7 |
| Belgium | BEL | 8 |
| Benin | BEN | 9 |
| Bolivia | BOL | 10 |
| Botswana | BWA | 11 |
| Brazil | BRA | 12 |
| Bulgaria | BGR | 13 |
| Burkina Faso | BFA | 14 |
| Burundi | BDI | 15 |
| Cambodia | KHM | 16 |
| Cameroon | CMR | 17 |
| Canada | CAN | 18 |
| Cape Verde | CPV | 19 |
| Chile | CHL | 20 |
| China | CHN | 21 |
| Colombia | COL | 22 |
| Costa Rica | CRI | 23 |
| Côte d’Ivoire | CIV | 24 |
| Cyprus | CYP | 25 |
| Czechia | CZE | 26 |
| Denmark | DNK | 27 |
| Dominican Republic | DOM | 28 |
| Ecuador | ECU | 29 |
| El Salvador | SLV | 30 |
| Estonia | EST | 31 |
| Finland | FIN | 32 |
| France | FRA | 33 |
| Gabon | GAB | 34 |
| Georgia | GEO | 35 |
| Germany | DEU | 36 |
| Ghana | GHA | 37 |
| Guatemala | GTM | 38 |
| Guinea | GIN | 39 |
| Guyana | GUY | 40 |
| Haiti | HTI | 41 |
| Honduras | HND | 42 |
| Hungary | HUN | 43 |
| Iceland | ISL | 44 |
| India | IND | 45 |
| Indonesia | IDN | 46 |
| Iraq | IRQ | 47 |
| Ireland | IRL | 48 |
| Israel | ISR | 49 |
| Italy | ITA | 50 |
| Jamaica | JAM | 51 |
| Japan | JPN | 52 |
| Jordan | JOR | 53 |
| Kazakhstan | KAZ | 54 |
| Kenya | KEN | 55 |
| Kyrgyzstan | KGZ | 56 |
| Lebanon | LBN | 57 |
| Lesotho | LSO | 58 |
| Liberia | LBR | 59 |
| Lithuania | LTU | 60 |
| Madagascar | MDG | 61 |
| Malawi | MWI | 62 |
| Malaysia | MYS | 63 |
| Mali | MLI | 64 |
| Mauritius | MUS | 65 |
| Mexico | MEX | 66 |
| Mongolia | MNG | 67 |
| Morocco | MAR | 68 |
| Mozambique | MOZ | 69 |
| Myanmar (Burma) | MMR | 70 |
| Namibia | NAM | 71 |
| Netherlands | NLD | 72 |
| New Zealand | NZL | 73 |
| Nicaragua | NIC | 74 |
| Niger | NER | 75 |
| Nigeria | NGA | 76 |
| Norway | NOR | 77 |
| Pakistan | PAK | 78 |
| Panama | PAN | 79 |
| Paraguay | PRY | 80 |
| Peru | PER | 81 |
| Philippines | PHL | 82 |
| Poland | POL | 83 |
| Portugal | PRT | 84 |
| Qatar | QAT | 85 |
| Romania | ROU | 86 |
| Russia | RUS | 87 |
| Rwanda | RWA | 88 |
| São Tomé & PrÃncipe | STP | 89 |
| Senegal | SEN | 90 |
| Sierra Leone | SLE | 91 |
| Singapore | SGP | 92 |
| Slovakia | SVK | 93 |
| Slovenia | SVN | 94 |
| South Africa | ZAF | 95 |
| South Korea | KOR | 96 |
| Spain | ESP | 97 |
| Sudan | SDN | 98 |
| Swaziland | SWZ | 99 |
| Sweden | SWE | 100 |
| Switzerland | CHE | 101 |
| Taiwan | TWN | 102 |
| Tanzania | TZA | 103 |
| Thailand | THA | 104 |
| Togo | TGO | 105 |
| Trinidad & Tobago | TTO | 106 |
| Tunisia | TUN | 107 |
| Turkey | TUR | 108 |
| Uganda | UGA | 109 |
| Ukraine | UKR | 110 |
| United Kingdom | GBR | 111 |
| United States | USA | 112 |
| Uruguay | URY | 113 |
| Uzbekistan | UZB | 114 |
| Venezuela | VEN | 115 |
| Vietnam | VNM | 116 |
| Yemen | YEM | 117 |
| Zambia | ZMB | 118 |
| Zimbabwe | ZWE | 119 |
Complete Sample: Statistical models A1.1 to F1.3
Column
| DCI | Reasoned Justification | Common Good | Counter-Arguments | Range of Consultation | Engaged Society | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model A1.1 No Bias | Model A1.2 Low Bias | Model A1.3 High Bias | Model B1.1 No Bias | Model B1.2 Low Bias | Model B1.3 High Bias | Model C1.1 No Bias | Model C1.2 Low Bias | Model C1.3 High Bias | Model D1.1 No Bias | Model D1.2 Low Bias | Model D1.3 High Bias | Model E1.1 No Bias | Model E1.2 Low Bias | Model E1.3 High Bias | Model F1.1 No Bias | Model F1.2 Low Bias | Model F1.3 High Bias | ||
| Intercept | .62*** | .56*** | .51*** | .59*** | .54*** | .50*** | .57*** | .53*** | .51*** | .62*** | .57*** | .52*** | .59*** | .54*** | .50*** | .62*** | .56*** | .52*** | |
| (.04) | (.03) | (.03) | (.04) | (.03) | (.03) | (.04) | (.03) | (.03) | (.04) | (.03) | (.03) | (.03) | (.03) | (.03) | (.03) | (.03) | (.03) | ||
| Individual-Level Control Variables | |||||||||||||||||||
| Financial Security | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Education | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Employment (0/1) | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Age | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Sex (Male/Female) | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Country-Level Control Variables | |||||||||||||||||||
| logged Population | .23* | .18^ | .13 | .21^ | .16 | .11 | .19^ | .15 | .10 | .22* | .18^ | .15 | .21^ | .17^ | .13 | .22* | .18^ | .14 | |
| (.11) | (.10) | (.10) | (.11) | (.10) | (.10) | (.11) | (.10) | (.10) | (.11) | (.10) | (.10) | (.11) | (.10) | (.10) | (.11) | (.10) | (.10) | ||
| logged GDP per capita | .65*** | .55*** | .49*** | .63*** | .50*** | .42*** | .61*** | .53*** | .48*** | .65*** | .56*** | .50*** | .63*** | .52*** | .45*** | .64*** | .55*** | .50*** | |
| (.11) | (.10) | (.10) | (.11) | (.11) | (.10) | (.11) | (.10) | (.10) | (.11) | (.10) | (.10) | (.11) | (.10) | (.10) | (.11) | (.10) | (.10) | ||
| Life Expectancy | -.18** | -.18** | -.18*** | -.19*** | -.18*** | -.19*** | -.19*** | -.17** | -.16** | -.18** | -.17** | -.17** | -.19*** | -.18*** | -.18*** | -.18** | -.18** | -.18*** | |
| (.06) | (.05) | (.05) | (.06) | (.05) | (.05) | (.06) | (.05) | (.05) | (.06) | (.05) | (.05) | (.06) | (.05) | (.05) | (.06) | (.05) | (.05) | ||
| Urban Pop. Ratio | -.15* | -.13* | -.11* | -.16** | -.13* | -.11^ | -.17** | -.15* | -.13* | -.16** | -.13* | -.11^ | -.16** | -.13* | -.11* | -.16** | -.13* | -.11* | |
| (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | (.05) | (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | ||
| Dataset Control Dummies | |||||||||||||||||||
| Afrobarometer (0/1) | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Latinobarometro (0/1) | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Americasbarometer (0/1) | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Asianbarometer (0/1) | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| ESS (0/1) | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| DCI & Subcomponents | |||||||||||||||||||
| DCI | -.05 | .02 | .07^ | ||||||||||||||||
| (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | |||||||||||||||||
| Reasoned Justification | .00 | .08 | .13** | ||||||||||||||||
| (.06) | (.05) | (.05) | |||||||||||||||||
| Common Good | .05 | .07 | .09^ | ||||||||||||||||
| (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | |||||||||||||||||
| Counter-Arguments | -.07 | .00 | .05 | ||||||||||||||||
| (.05) | (.04) | (.04) | |||||||||||||||||
| Range of Consultation | .01 | .08 | .14** | ||||||||||||||||
| (.06) | (.05) | (.05) | |||||||||||||||||
| Engaged Society | -.07 | .01 | .07 | ||||||||||||||||
| (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | |||||||||||||||||
| AIC | $26153.61$ | $15143.51$ | $6595.63$ | $26154.46$ | $15141.00$ | $6591.53$ | $26153.80$ | $15141.22$ | $6594.80$ | $26152.76$ | $15143.57$ | $6597.20$ | $26154.45$ | $15140.83$ | $6591.14$ | $26152.76$ | $15143.33$ | $6596.04$ | |
| BIC | $26345.61$ | $15335.51$ | $6787.63$ | $26346.45$ | $15332.99$ | $6783.52$ | $26345.79$ | $15333.21$ | $6786.80$ | $26344.75$ | $15335.56$ | $6789.20$ | $26346.44$ | $15332.82$ | $6783.14$ | $26344.76$ | $15335.32$ | $6788.04$ | |
| Log Likelihood | $-13058.80$ | $-7553.75$ | $-3279.82$ | $-13059.23$ | $-7552.50$ | $-3277.76$ | $-13058.90$ | $-7552.61$ | $-3279.40$ | $-13058.38$ | $-7553.78$ | $-3280.60$ | $-13059.22$ | $-7552.41$ | $-3277.57$ | $-13058.38$ | $-7553.66$ | $-3280.02$ | |
| Num. obs. | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | |
| Num. groups: cntry | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | |
| Var: cntry (Intercept) | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | |
| Var: Residual | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | |
| ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, ^p < 0.1. Models show unstandardized b-coefficients and all predictors are normalized from 0 to 1. Reference category for dataset dummies is World Value Survey. Models estimated with Restricted Maximum Likelihood. Data weighted to same sample size (=1000). Own calculations. | |||||||||||||||||||
Complete Sample (including Polity/FH dummies): Statistical models A1.4 to F1.6
Column
| DCI | Reasoned Justification | Common Good | Counter-Arguments | Range of Consultation | Engaged Society | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model A1.4 No Bias | Model A1.5 Low Bias | Model A1.6 High Bias | Model B1.4 No Bias | Model B1.5 Low Bias | Model B1.6 High Bias | Model C1.4 No Bias | Model C1.5 Low Bias | Model C1.6 High Bias | Model D1.4 No Bias | Model D1.5 Low Bias | Model D1.6 High Bias | Model E1.4 No Bias | Model E1.5 Low Bias | Model E1.6 High Bias | Model F1.4 No Bias | Model F1.5 Low Bias | Model F1.6 High Bias | ||
| Intercept | .50*** | .47*** | .44*** | .50*** | .47*** | .45*** | .54*** | .51*** | .50*** | .54*** | .51*** | .49*** | .49*** | .46*** | .44*** | .53*** | .50*** | .47*** | |
| (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | (.03) | (.03) | (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | ||
| Individual-Level Control Variables | |||||||||||||||||||
| Financial Security | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Education | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Employment (0/1) | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Age | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Sex (Male/Female) | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Country-Level Control Variables | |||||||||||||||||||
| Democracy (0/1) | -.05^ | -.04 | -.03 | -.06* | -.04^ | -.03 | -.03 | -.01 | .00 | -.04 | -.02 | -.01 | -.06* | -.04^ | -.03 | -.04 | -.03 | -.01 | |
| (.03) | (.02) | (.02) | (.02) | (.02) | (.02) | (.02) | (.02) | (.02) | (.03) | (.03) | (.03) | (.02) | (.02) | (.02) | (.02) | (.02) | (.02) | ||
| Autocracy (0/1) | .17*** | .14** | .11* | .17*** | .12** | .09* | .12** | .07^ | .04 | .14** | .10* | .07 | .19*** | .14*** | .11** | .16*** | .12** | .10* | |
| (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | ||
| logged Population | .08 | .06 | .04 | .06 | .05 | .03 | .09 | .09 | .08 | .12 | .12 | .10 | .06 | .06 | .04 | .11 | .09 | .07 | |
| (.11) | (.11) | (.11) | (.11) | (.10) | (.10) | (.11) | (.11) | (.11) | (.11) | (.10) | (.10) | (.10) | (.10) | (.10) | (.11) | (.10) | (.10) | ||
| logged GDP per capita | .54*** | .47*** | .42*** | .47*** | .39*** | .34** | .56*** | .50*** | .46*** | .57*** | .50*** | .46*** | .47*** | .40*** | .36*** | .56*** | .49*** | .45*** | |
| (.11) | (.10) | (.10) | (.11) | (.11) | (.11) | (.11) | (.10) | (.10) | (.11) | (.11) | (.11) | (.11) | (.10) | (.10) | (.11) | (.10) | (.10) | ||
| Life Expectancy | -.17** | -.17** | -.17** | -.17** | -.17*** | -.18*** | -.16** | -.16** | -.16** | -.16** | -.16** | -.17** | -.17** | -.17** | -.17*** | -.18** | -.18*** | -.18*** | |
| (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.06) | (.05) | (.05) | (.06) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.06) | (.05) | (.05) | ||
| Urban Pop. Ratio | -.13* | -.11* | -.09^ | -.12* | -.10^ | -.09 | -.15* | -.13* | -.12* | -.13* | -.11* | -.10^ | -.11* | -.10^ | -.08 | -.12* | -.11^ | -.09 | |
| (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | (.05) | (.05) | (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | (.05) | (.05) | (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | ||
| Dataset Control Dummies | |||||||||||||||||||
| Afrobarometer (0/1) | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Latinobarometro (0/1) | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Americasbarometer (0/1) | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Asianbarometer (0/1) | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| ESS (0/1) | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| DCI & Subcomponents | |||||||||||||||||||
| DCI | .12* | .15** | .17** | ||||||||||||||||
| (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | |||||||||||||||||
| Reasoned Justification | .19** | .21*** | .23*** | ||||||||||||||||
| (.07) | (.06) | (.06) | |||||||||||||||||
| Common Good | .09^ | .09^ | .09^ | ||||||||||||||||
| (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | |||||||||||||||||
| Counter-Arguments | .06 | .09 | .11^ | ||||||||||||||||
| (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | |||||||||||||||||
| Range of Consultation | .22*** | .24*** | .26*** | ||||||||||||||||
| (.07) | (.06) | (.07) | |||||||||||||||||
| Engaged Society | .10 | .14* | .17* | ||||||||||||||||
| (.07) | (.07) | (.07) | |||||||||||||||||
| AIC | $26151.73$ | $15146.87$ | $6602.84$ | $26147.91$ | $15142.69$ | $6599.07$ | $26153.28$ | $15150.72$ | $6608.36$ | $26154.70$ | $15151.45$ | $6608.47$ | $26145.02$ | $15140.11$ | $6596.66$ | $26153.36$ | $15149.02$ | $6605.10$ | |
| BIC | $26365.06$ | $15360.20$ | $6816.17$ | $26361.24$ | $15356.02$ | $6812.40$ | $26366.61$ | $15364.05$ | $6821.69$ | $26368.03$ | $15364.78$ | $6821.80$ | $26358.35$ | $15353.44$ | $6809.99$ | $26366.69$ | $15362.35$ | $6818.43$ | |
| Log Likelihood | $-13055.87$ | $-7553.43$ | $-3281.42$ | $-13053.96$ | $-7551.35$ | $-3279.53$ | $-13056.64$ | $-7555.36$ | $-3284.18$ | $-13057.35$ | $-7555.73$ | $-3284.24$ | $-13052.51$ | $-7550.06$ | $-3278.33$ | $-13056.68$ | $-7554.51$ | $-3282.55$ | |
| Num. obs. | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | |
| Num. groups: cntry | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | |
| Var: cntry (Intercept) | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | |
| Var: Residual | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | |
| ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, ^p < 0.1. Models show unstandardized b-coefficients and all predictors are normalized from 0 to 1. Reference category for dataset dummies is World Value Survey. Reference category for Polity/FH dummies is Anocracies. Models estimated with Restricted Maximum Likelihood. Data weighted to same sample size (=1000). Own calculations. | |||||||||||||||||||
Democracy Sample: Statistical models A2.1 to F2.2
Column
| DCI | Reasoned Justification | Common Good | Counter-Arguments | Range of Consultation | Engaged Society | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model A2.1 | Model A2.2 (Polity/FH) | Model B2.1 | Model B2.2 (Polity/FH) | Model C2.1 | Model C2.2 (Polity/FH) | Model D2.1 | Model D2.2 (Polity/FH) | Model E2.1 | Model E2.2 (Polity/FH) | Model F2.1 | Model F2.2 (Polity/FH) | ||
| Intercept | .52*** | .51*** | .53*** | .52*** | .57*** | .57*** | .56*** | .56*** | .55*** | .55*** | .55*** | .55*** | |
| (.05) | (.05) | (.04) | (.04) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | ||
| Individual-Level Control Variables | |||||||||||||
| Financial Security | .10*** | .10*** | .10*** | .10*** | .10*** | .10*** | .10*** | .10*** | .10*** | .10*** | .10*** | .10*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Education | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Employment (0/1) | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Age | .03*** | .03*** | .03*** | .03*** | .03*** | .03*** | .03*** | .03*** | .03*** | .03*** | .03*** | .03*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Sex (Male/Female) | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Country-Level Control Variables | |||||||||||||
| logged Population | .02 | -.01 | .04 | .02 | .08 | .07 | .04 | .00 | .05 | .02 | .05 | .04 | |
| (.12) | (.11) | (.11) | (.11) | (.12) | (.12) | (.12) | (.12) | (.11) | (.11) | (.11) | (.11) | ||
| logged GDP per capita | .30*** | .39*** | .22* | .29** | .36*** | .40*** | .36*** | .45*** | .26** | .35*** | .30*** | .35*** | |
| (.09) | (.10) | (.09) | (.10) | (.09) | (.11) | (.08) | (.10) | (.08) | (.09) | (.08) | (.10) | ||
| Life Expectancy | -.36*** | -.34*** | -.38*** | -.37*** | -.37*** | -.36*** | -.38*** | -.37*** | -.36*** | -.34*** | -.37*** | -.36*** | |
| (.07) | (.07) | (.07) | (.07) | (.07) | (.08) | (.07) | (.07) | (.07) | (.07) | (.07) | (.07) | ||
| Urban Pop. Ratio | -.00 | -.01 | .04 | .04 | .01 | .01 | .02 | .02 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .02 | |
| (.07) | (.07) | (.06) | (.06) | (.07) | (.07) | (.07) | (.07) | (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | ||
| Polity/FH | -.09^ | -.08^ | -.03 | -.08 | -.09^ | -.04 | |||||||
| (.05) | (.04) | (.05) | (.05) | (.04) | (.04) | ||||||||
| Dataset Control Dummies | |||||||||||||
| Afrobarometer (0/1) | -.02*** | -.02*** | -.02*** | -.02** | -.02** | -.02** | -.02** | -.02** | -.02*** | -.02*** | -.02** | -.02** | |
| (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | ||
| Latinobarometro (0/1) | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.04*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Americasbarometer (0/1) | .06*** | .06*** | .06*** | .06*** | .06*** | .06*** | .06*** | .06*** | .06*** | .06*** | .06*** | .06*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Asianbarometer (0/1) | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| ESS (0/1) | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| DCI & Subcomponents | |||||||||||||
| DCI | .16** | .21*** | |||||||||||
| (.05) | (.06) | ||||||||||||
| Reasoned Justification | .23*** | .27*** | |||||||||||
| (.06) | (.06) | ||||||||||||
| Common Good | .07 | .09 | |||||||||||
| (.06) | (.06) | ||||||||||||
| Counter-Arguments | .12* | .16** | |||||||||||
| (.05) | (.06) | ||||||||||||
| Range of Consultation | .22*** | .26*** | |||||||||||
| (.06) | (.06) | ||||||||||||
| Engaged Society | .17*** | .18*** | |||||||||||
| (.05) | (.05) | ||||||||||||
| AIC | $-10949.52$ | $-10946.60$ | $-10954.81$ | $-10951.68$ | $-10942.54$ | $-10936.84$ | $-10946.05$ | $-10942.47$ | $-10954.23$ | $-10951.54$ | $-10951.43$ | $-10945.93$ | |
| BIC | $-10768.05$ | $-10755.06$ | $-10773.34$ | $-10760.13$ | $-10761.08$ | $-10745.30$ | $-10764.59$ | $-10750.93$ | $-10772.77$ | $-10759.99$ | $-10769.97$ | $-10754.39$ | |
| Log Likelihood | $5492.76$ | $5492.30$ | $5495.40$ | $5494.84$ | $5489.27$ | $5487.42$ | $5491.03$ | $5490.24$ | $5495.12$ | $5494.77$ | $5493.72$ | $5491.97$ | |
| Num. obs. | $176552$ | $176552$ | $176552$ | $176552$ | $176552$ | $176552$ | $176552$ | $176552$ | $176552$ | $176552$ | $176552$ | $176552$ | |
| Num. groups: cntry | $64$ | $64$ | $64$ | $64$ | $64$ | $64$ | $64$ | $64$ | $64$ | $64$ | $64$ | $64$ | |
| Var: cntry (Intercept) | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | |
| Var: Residual | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | |
| ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, ^p < 0.1. Models show unstandardized b-coefficients and all predictors are normalized from 0 to 1. Reference category for dataset dummies is World Value Survey. Models estimated with Restricted Maximum Likelihood. Data weighted to same sample size (=1000). Own calculations. | |||||||||||||
Non-Democracies Sample: Statistical models A3.1 to F3.3
Column
| DCI | Reasoned Justification | Common Good | Counter-Arguments | Range of Consultation | Engaged Society | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model A3.1 No Bias | Model A3.2 Low Bias | Model A3.3 High Bias | Model B3.1 No Bias | Model B3.2 Low Bias | Model B3.3 High Bias | Model C3.1 No Bias | Model C3.2 Low Bias | Model C3.3 High Bias | Model D3.1 No Bias | Model D3.2 Low Bias | Model D3.3 High Bias | Model E3.1 No Bias | Model E3.2 Low Bias | Model E3.3 High Bias | Model F3.1 No Bias | Model F3.2 Low Bias | Model F3.3 High Bias | ||
| Intercept | .60*** | .54*** | .50*** | .58*** | .52*** | .48*** | .53*** | .50*** | .47*** | .62*** | .56*** | .51*** | .59*** | .54*** | .50*** | .63*** | .57*** | .53*** | |
| (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.04) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.04) | (.04) | ||
| Individual-Level Control Variables | |||||||||||||||||||
| Financial Security | .13*** | .13*** | .12*** | .13*** | .13*** | .12*** | .13*** | .13*** | .12*** | .13*** | .13*** | .12*** | .13*** | .13*** | .12*** | .13*** | .13*** | .12*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Education | -.10*** | -.09*** | -.09*** | -.10*** | -.09*** | -.09*** | -.10*** | -.09*** | -.09*** | -.10*** | -.09*** | -.09*** | -.10*** | -.09*** | -.09*** | -.10*** | -.09*** | -.09*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Employment (0/1) | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Age | .06*** | .06*** | .05*** | .06*** | .06*** | .06*** | .06*** | .06*** | .05*** | .06*** | .06*** | .05*** | .06*** | .06*** | .05*** | .06*** | .06*** | .05*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Sex (Male/Female) | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Country-Level Control Variables | |||||||||||||||||||
| logged Population | .23 | .17 | .10 | .22 | .15 | .07 | .15 | .10 | .03 | .20 | .16 | .11 | .23 | .16 | .10 | .22 | .17 | .11 | |
| (.16) | (.15) | (.15) | (.16) | (.15) | (.16) | (.17) | (.16) | (.16) | (.16) | (.15) | (.15) | (.16) | (.15) | (.15) | (.15) | (.15) | (.15) | ||
| logged GDP per capita | .89*** | .67*** | .52** | .91*** | .66*** | .50** | .90*** | .65*** | .48** | .89*** | .66*** | .50** | .91*** | .67*** | .51** | .83*** | .63*** | .50** | |
| (.18) | (.17) | (.17) | (.18) | (.17) | (.17) | (.17) | (.16) | (.17) | (.18) | (.17) | (.17) | (.18) | (.17) | (.17) | (.18) | (.17) | (.18) | ||
| Life Expectancy | -.00 | -.01 | -.03 | .00 | -.01 | -.03 | .01 | -.00 | -.02 | -.01 | -.02 | -.03 | -.00 | -.01 | -.03 | .01 | -.01 | -.03 | |
| (.08) | (.08) | (.08) | (.08) | (.08) | (.08) | (.08) | (.07) | (.08) | (.08) | (.08) | (.08) | (.08) | (.08) | (.08) | (.08) | (.08) | (.08) | ||
| Urban Pop. Ratio | -.33*** | -.27** | -.21* | -.33*** | -.27** | -.21* | -.35*** | -.28*** | -.23** | -.33*** | -.26** | -.21* | -.34*** | -.27** | -.21* | -.33*** | -.26** | -.21* | |
| (.09) | (.08) | (.09) | (.09) | (.08) | (.08) | (.09) | (.08) | (.08) | (.09) | (.08) | (.09) | (.09) | (.08) | (.09) | (.09) | (.08) | (.09) | ||
| Dataset Control Dummies | |||||||||||||||||||
| Afrobarometer (0/1) | .01* | .01^ | .01 | .01^ | .01^ | .01 | .01^ | .01^ | .01 | .01^ | .01^ | .01 | .01^ | .01^ | .01 | .01* | .01^ | .01 | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Latinobarometro (0/1) | -.00 | .00 | .00 | -.00 | .00 | .00 | -.00 | .00 | .00 | -.00 | .00 | .00 | -.00 | .00 | .00 | -.00 | .00 | .00 | |
| (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | ||
| Americasbarometer (0/1) | .11*** | .10*** | .10*** | .11*** | .10*** | .10*** | .11*** | .10*** | .10*** | .11*** | .10*** | .10*** | .11*** | .10*** | .10*** | .11*** | .10*** | .10*** | |
| (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | ||
| Asianbarometer (0/1) | .01 | .00 | .00 | .01 | .00 | .00 | .01 | .00 | .00 | .01 | .00 | .00 | .01 | .00 | .00 | .01 | .00 | .00 | |
| (.01) | (.00) | (.00) | (.01) | (.00) | (.00) | (.01) | (.00) | (.00) | (.01) | (.00) | (.00) | (.01) | (.00) | (.00) | (.01) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| ESS (0/1) | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | |
| (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | ||
| DCI & Subcomponents | |||||||||||||||||||
| DCI | -.05 | .00 | .04 | ||||||||||||||||
| (.06) | (.05) | (.05) | |||||||||||||||||
| Reasoned Justification | -.01 | .04 | .07 | ||||||||||||||||
| (.07) | (.06) | (.06) | |||||||||||||||||
| Common Good | .08 | .09 | .10 | ||||||||||||||||
| (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | |||||||||||||||||
| Counter-Arguments | -.07 | -.02 | .01 | ||||||||||||||||
| (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | |||||||||||||||||
| Range of Consultation | -.03 | .02 | .05 | ||||||||||||||||
| (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | |||||||||||||||||
| Engaged Society | -.11^ | -.05 | -.00 | ||||||||||||||||
| (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | |||||||||||||||||
| AIC | $30800.07$ | $21517.89$ | $14107.05$ | $30800.48$ | $21517.14$ | $14106.02$ | $30799.13$ | $21515.55$ | $14104.82$ | $30799.28$ | $21517.53$ | $14107.30$ | $30800.38$ | $21517.60$ | $14106.69$ | $30797.40$ | $21517.06$ | $14107.49$ | |
| BIC | $30977.41$ | $21695.23$ | $14284.39$ | $30977.82$ | $21694.48$ | $14283.35$ | $30976.46$ | $21692.89$ | $14282.16$ | $30976.62$ | $21694.87$ | $14284.64$ | $30977.72$ | $21694.93$ | $14284.03$ | $30974.74$ | $21694.40$ | $14284.82$ | |
| Log Likelihood | $-15382.03$ | $-10740.94$ | $-7035.53$ | $-15382.24$ | $-10740.57$ | $-7035.01$ | $-15381.56$ | $-10739.77$ | $-7034.41$ | $-15381.64$ | $-10740.77$ | $-7035.65$ | $-15382.19$ | $-10740.80$ | $-7035.34$ | $-15380.70$ | $-10740.53$ | $-7035.74$ | |
| Num. obs. | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | |
| Num. groups: cntry | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | |
| Var: cntry (Intercept) | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | |
| Var: Residual | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | |
| ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, ^p < 0.1. Models show unstandardized b-coefficients and all predictors are normalized from 0 to 1. Reference category for dataset dummies is World Value Survey. Models estimated with Restricted Maximum Likelihood. Data weighted to same sample size (=1000). Own calculations. | |||||||||||||||||||
Non-Democracies Sample (including Polity/FH): Statistical models A3.4 to F3.6
Column
| DCI | Reasoned Justification | Common Good | Counter-Arguments | Range of Consultation | Engaged Society | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model A3.4 No Bias | Model A3.5 Low Bias | Model A3.6 High Bias | Model B3.4 No Bias | Model B3.5 Low Bias | Model B3.6 High Bias | Model C3.4 No Bias | Model C3.5 Low Bias | Model C3.6 High Bias | Model D3.4 No Bias | Model D3.5 Low Bias | Model D3.6 High Bias | Model E3.4 No Bias | Model E3.5 Low Bias | Model E3.6 High Bias | Model F3.4 No Bias | Model F3.5 Low Bias | Model F3.6 High Bias | ||
| Intercept | .61*** | .55*** | .50*** | .60*** | .54*** | .49*** | .58*** | .53*** | .49*** | .62*** | .55*** | .51*** | .60*** | .54*** | .50*** | .63*** | .57*** | .53*** | |
| (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.04) | (.05) | ||
| Individual-Level Control Variables | |||||||||||||||||||
| Financial Security | .13*** | .13*** | .12*** | .13*** | .13*** | .12*** | .13*** | .13*** | .12*** | .13*** | .13*** | .12*** | .13*** | .13*** | .12*** | .13*** | .13*** | .12*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Education | -.10*** | -.09*** | -.09*** | -.10*** | -.09*** | -.09*** | -.10*** | -.09*** | -.09*** | -.10*** | -.09*** | -.09*** | -.10*** | -.09*** | -.09*** | -.10*** | -.09*** | -.09*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Employment (0/1) | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Age | .06*** | .06*** | .06*** | .06*** | .06*** | .06*** | .06*** | .06*** | .05*** | .06*** | .06*** | .05*** | .06*** | .06*** | .06*** | .06*** | .06*** | .05*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Sex (Male/Female) | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Country-Level Control Variables | |||||||||||||||||||
| Polity/FH | -.16* | -.13^ | -.11 | -.14* | -.10^ | -.07 | -.14** | -.09^ | -.05 | -.12^ | -.08 | -.06 | -.15* | -.11^ | -.08 | -.09 | -.06 | -.05 | |
| (.07) | (.07) | (.07) | (.06) | (.05) | (.06) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.07) | (.06) | (.07) | (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | (.07) | (.07) | (.08) | ||
| logged Population | .09 | .05 | -.00 | .08 | .05 | .00 | .01 | .01 | -.02 | .15 | .13 | .09 | .10 | .07 | .03 | .16 | .13 | .08 | |
| (.17) | (.16) | (.16) | (.17) | (.16) | (.16) | (.16) | (.16) | (.17) | (.16) | (.15) | (.16) | (.16) | (.16) | (.16) | (.16) | (.16) | (.16) | ||
| logged GDP per capita | .79*** | .59*** | .45* | .77*** | .56** | .43* | .75*** | .55** | .42* | .80*** | .60*** | .46** | .77*** | .57*** | .43* | .80*** | .61*** | .48** | |
| (.18) | (.17) | (.18) | (.18) | (.17) | (.18) | (.17) | (.17) | (.18) | (.18) | (.17) | (.18) | (.18) | (.17) | (.18) | (.18) | (.17) | (.18) | ||
| Life Expectancy | .03 | .01 | -.01 | .03 | .01 | -.02 | .04 | .01 | -.01 | .02 | .01 | -.02 | .02 | .00 | -.02 | .02 | -.01 | -.03 | |
| (.08) | (.07) | (.08) | (.08) | (.07) | (.08) | (.07) | (.07) | (.08) | (.08) | (.08) | (.08) | (.08) | (.07) | (.08) | (.08) | (.08) | (.08) | ||
| Urban Pop. Ratio | -.32*** | -.26** | -.21* | -.32*** | -.26** | -.21* | -.34*** | -.28*** | -.22** | -.32*** | -.25** | -.20* | -.31*** | -.25** | -.19* | -.32*** | -.26** | -.20* | |
| (.09) | (.08) | (.08) | (.09) | (.08) | (.08) | (.08) | (.08) | (.08) | (.09) | (.08) | (.09) | (.09) | (.08) | (.09) | (.09) | (.08) | (.09) | ||
| Dataset Control Dummies | |||||||||||||||||||
| Afrobarometer (0/1) | .01^ | .01^ | .01 | .01^ | .01^ | .01 | .01^ | .01^ | .01 | .01* | .01^ | .01 | .01^ | .01^ | .01 | .01* | .01^ | .01 | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Latinobarometro (0/1) | -.00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 | -.00 | .00 | .00 | -.00 | .00 | .00 | -.00 | .00 | .00 | -.00 | .00 | .00 | |
| (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | ||
| Americasbarometer (0/1) | .11*** | .11*** | .10*** | .11*** | .11*** | .10*** | .11*** | .11*** | .10*** | .11*** | .11*** | .10*** | .11*** | .11*** | .10*** | .11*** | .11*** | .10*** | |
| (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | ||
| Asianbarometer (0/1) | .01 | .00 | .00 | .01 | .00 | .00 | .01 | .00 | .00 | .01 | .00 | .00 | .01 | .00 | .00 | .01 | .00 | .00 | |
| (.01) | (.00) | (.00) | (.01) | (.00) | (.00) | (.01) | (.00) | (.00) | (.01) | (.00) | (.00) | (.01) | (.00) | (.00) | (.01) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| ESS (0/1) | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | |
| (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | ||
| DCI & Subcomponents | |||||||||||||||||||
| DCI | .08 | .11 | .13 | ||||||||||||||||
| (.08) | (.08) | (.08) | |||||||||||||||||
| Reasoned Justification | .09 | .11 | .12 | ||||||||||||||||
| (.08) | (.07) | (.08) | |||||||||||||||||
| Common Good | .14* | .13* | .12^ | ||||||||||||||||
| (.06) | (.06) | (.07) | |||||||||||||||||
| Counter-Arguments | .03 | .05 | .06 | ||||||||||||||||
| (.08) | (.08) | (.08) | |||||||||||||||||
| Range of Consultation | .09 | .11 | .12 | ||||||||||||||||
| (.08) | (.08) | (.08) | |||||||||||||||||
| Engaged Society | -.03 | .01 | .04 | ||||||||||||||||
| (.09) | (.09) | (.09) | |||||||||||||||||
| AIC | $30800.69$ | $21519.88$ | $14110.20$ | $30800.55$ | $21519.86$ | $14110.46$ | $30797.67$ | $21518.41$ | $14109.83$ | $30801.58$ | $21521.48$ | $14112.21$ | $30800.46$ | $21520.04$ | $14110.66$ | $30801.45$ | $21521.73$ | $14112.45$ | |
| BIC | $30987.88$ | $21707.08$ | $14297.39$ | $30987.74$ | $21707.05$ | $14297.65$ | $30984.86$ | $21705.60$ | $14297.02$ | $30988.77$ | $21708.67$ | $14299.40$ | $30987.65$ | $21707.23$ | $14297.85$ | $30988.64$ | $21708.92$ | $14299.64$ | |
| Log Likelihood | $-15381.35$ | $-10740.94$ | $-7036.10$ | $-15381.28$ | $-10740.93$ | $-7036.23$ | $-15379.83$ | $-10740.20$ | $-7035.92$ | $-15381.79$ | $-10741.74$ | $-7037.10$ | $-15381.23$ | $-10741.02$ | $-7036.33$ | $-15381.72$ | $-10741.86$ | $-7037.23$ | |
| Num. obs. | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | |
| Num. groups: cntry | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | |
| Var: cntry (Intercept) | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | |
| Var: Residual | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | |
| Coefficients with $p < 0.05$ in \textbf{bold}. | |||||||||||||||||||
Polity/FH: Statistical models P1.1 to P.3.3
Column
| Complete Sample | Democracy Sample | Non-Democracy Sample | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model P1.1 | Model P1.2 | Model P1.3 | Model P2.1 | Model P3.1 | Model P3.2 | Model P3.3 | ||
| Intercept | .57*** | .55*** | .54*** | .60*** | .63*** | .57*** | .54*** | |
| (.03) | (.03) | (.03) | (.05) | (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | ||
| Individual-Level Control Variables | ||||||||
| Financial Security | .11*** | .11*** | .11*** | .10*** | .13*** | .13*** | .12*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Education | -.04*** | -.04*** | -.04*** | .00 | -.10*** | -.09*** | -.09*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Employment (0/1) | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | -.01*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Age | .04*** | .04*** | .04*** | .03*** | .06*** | .06*** | .05*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Sex (Male/Female) | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00*** | .00 | .00 | .00 | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Country-Level Control Variables | ||||||||
| logged Population | .14 | .14 | .13 | .10 | .15 | .13 | .10 | |
| (.11) | (.10) | (.10) | (.12) | (.15) | (.15) | (.16) | ||
| logged GDP per capita | .59*** | .53*** | .49*** | .40*** | .81*** | .61*** | .48** | |
| (.11) | (.10) | (.11) | (.11) | (.18) | (.17) | (.18) | ||
| Life Expectancy | -.17** | -.17** | -.17** | -.37*** | .01 | -.01 | -.03 | |
| (.06) | (.05) | (.05) | (.08) | (.08) | (.07) | (.08) | ||
| Urban Pop. Ratio | -.13* | -.11* | -.10^ | .04 | -.32*** | -.26** | -.21* | |
| (.06) | (.06) | (.06) | (.07) | (.09) | (.08) | (.09) | ||
| Dataset Control Dummies | ||||||||
| Afrobarometer (0/1) | -.00 | -.00 | -.00 | -.02** | .01* | .01^ | .01 | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.01) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| Latinobarometro (0/1) | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.03*** | -.04*** | -.00 | .00 | .00 | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | ||
| Americasbarometer (0/1) | .07*** | .07*** | .07*** | .06*** | .11*** | .11*** | .10*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | ||
| Asianbarometer (0/1) | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.05*** | -.11*** | .01 | .00 | .00 | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.01) | (.00) | (.00) | ||
| ESS (0/1) | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.07*** | -.05*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | -.11*** | |
| (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.00) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | ||
| Polity/FH Variables | ||||||||
| Democracy (0/1) | -.02 | -.00 | .01 | |||||
| (.02) | (.02) | (.02) | ||||||
| Autocracy (0/1) | .12** | .07^ | .03 | |||||
| (.04) | (.04) | (.04) | ||||||
| Polity/FH | -.02 | -.11* | -.06 | -.02 | ||||
| (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | (.05) | |||||
| AIC | $26150.06$ | $15147.91$ | $6605.87$ | $-10940.64$ | $30796.54$ | $21516.65$ | $14107.61$ | |
| BIC | $26352.73$ | $15350.57$ | $6808.53$ | $-10759.18$ | $30973.88$ | $21693.99$ | $14284.95$ | |
| Log Likelihood | $-13056.03$ | $-7554.96$ | $-3283.94$ | $5488.32$ | $-15380.27$ | $-10740.33$ | $-7035.81$ | |
| Num. obs. | $316938$ | $316938$ | $316938$ | $176552$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | $140386$ | |
| Num. groups: cntry | $119$ | $119$ | $119$ | $64$ | $55$ | $55$ | $55$ | |
| Var: cntry (Intercept) | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | $0.01$ | |
| Var: Residual | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.01$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | $0.02$ | |
| ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, ^p < 0.1. Models show unstandardized b-coefficients and all predictors are normalized from 0 to 1. Reference category for dataset dummies is World Value Survey. Models estimated with Restricted Maximum Likelihood. Data weighted to same sample size (=1000). Own calculations. | ||||||||